eupatorium adenophorum medicinal uses

The small compound flowers occur in late spring and summer, and are found in clusters at the end of branches. Four new cadinane sesquiterpenes (1−4), including a dimeric cadinane derivative (2) and a peroxide cadinane analogue (3), have been isolated from the leaves of Eupatorium adenophorum. Medicinal plants are indispensable natural resource constituting one of the potential sources of bioactive chemical entities for drug development . Share. The present survey found 161 plant species belonging to 86 families and 144 genera that are used to cure 89 human ailments by the Tamang people in the Makawanpur district (Additional file 2: Table S2).Angiosperms constituted the highest number of plants species (132 dicotyledones, and 18 monocotyledones) followed by pteridophytes (6), gymnosperms … 5229 Grazing animals get accidentally exposed to the plant under scarcity conditions. Amazon.com : Chinese herbal medicinal herb Eupatorium adenophorum leaves by 250g in medicine workshop : Grocery & Gourmet Food In China, Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan, and some other provinces are rich in E. adenophorum resources which are one of the most serious threats to the local ecological security because of being a world-famous worst weed [1-2]. : Birnie, A. Traditional medicinal uses of plants offer valuable clue to such drug development. Eupatorium adenophorum is considered to be a serious weed in agriculture, especially in rangelands where it often replaces either the more-desirable vegetation or native species, but also in forests. 2. Ageratina adenophora is a perennial herbaceous shrub that may grow to 1 or 2 metres (3.3 or 6.6 ft) high. ]#��UTc� �1��֨Δ � Ħ�H�#4�}V�6C ��?��8��)F�D�=)�V�G�[4��>�js�G�.��r�.��0�70��+1l]��Ō�T~+��f�ŷ�}��~��5lǏ"��%"Ҋ�h�0�p� Due to the large number of A. adenophora seeds present in the soil where it has established itself, chopping and uprooting the plants has not proven to be an effective management strategy. The invention adopts eupatorium adenophorum spreng to extract active amylose, widens the development and … 16 0 obj Share. The invention relates to a method for using nothosmyrnol eupat juice to restrain the plant pathogenic bacteria. was introduced in Yunnan Province of China around 1940. Introduction. 9 0 obj An excellent, if rather terse, guide to the traditional medicinal uses of the plants of the region]. 2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0975-3575(11)80027-1. EEA can effectively inhibit DTH reaction and bring back normalcy to the paw much earlier than the controls. Leaves are used as an application to unhealthy ulcers. Cl. Eupatorium is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae, containing from 36 to 60 species depending on the classification system. (Asteraceae) is used in India as an antiseptic and blood coagulant. Published by Reed Elsevier India Pvt. In acute study, we firstly tested median lethal dose (LD50) in mice of three cadinene sesquiterpenes 2-deoxo-2-(acetyloxy)-9-oxoageraphorone (DAOA), 9-oxo-agerophorone (OA) and 9-oxo-10,11-dehydro-agerophorone (ODA) from Eupatorium adenophorum (Ea). 11 0 obj Carlos Nogueira Sobrinho Antonio, Maia de Morais Selene, Bezerra de Souza Elnatan and Oliveira dos Santos Fontenelle Raquel, The genus Eupatorium L. (Asteraceae): A review of their antimicrobial activity, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 11, 3, (43), (2017). The invention provides a method for preparing eupatorium adenophorum spreng amylose and eupatorium adenophorum spreng amylose medical composition. << /Length 19 0 R Title Edible Wild Plants of Tanzania Publication Author Ruffo, C.K. Medicinal plants are indispensable natural resource constituting one of the potential sources of bioactive chemical entities for drug development . Colegate SM, Upton R, Gardner DR, Panter KE, Betz JM. Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng belonging to the family Asteraceae have traditionally been used as folklore medicine across the world. %�� Medicinal use of Canada Fleabane: In traditional North American herbal medicine, Canada fleabane was boiled to make steam for sweat lodges, taken as a snuff to stimulate sneezing during the course of a cold and burned to create a smoke that warded off insects. A decoction of the plant has been recommended to treat jaundice and ulcers (Sharma et al., 1998). Heavy going if you are not into the subject., endobj To. = Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) The biological research and integrated control onE. Medicinal Uses : i) Uses in Modern Medicine : Pharmacological aspects : ii) Uses in Ethnic/Tribal Medicine : Pharmacological aspects : iii) Uses in Ayurvedic Medicine : Pharmacological aspects : iv) Uses in Homeopathic Medicine : Pharmacological aspects : v) Veterinary uses : 6 0 obj World is endowed with a rich wealth of medicinal herbs. The results indicated that E. adenophorumfailed to increase the protein levels of p-MLKL (Fig. Antifungal activity of the above extracts were tested on fungal strains Aspergilus niger, Aspergilus candidus and Candida albicans using Fluconazole as the standard drug. נ!��_��X�lub*%�w\lԤ\�� (��n̓r� %�f]�q�?>��ϓ�l�b㫞dց�b��O�_! Commonly used medicinal plants of our community could be an excellent source of drugs to fight off this problem. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1980.tb00084.x. The ethanolic leaf extract of E. adenophorum (EEA) was administered … The ethanolic leaf extract of E. adenophorum (EEA) was administered intravenously and in other cases topically at the site of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in mouse foot paw induced with dinitrofluorobenzene. Viability of herbicide-treated seeds of Eupatorium odoratum L. Weed Research. >> Their structures including absolute configurations were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Also, anitbacterial activity have been proven on resinous exudate from twigs and leaves of Crofton weed [Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. Follow. endobj 6, pp. Oils extracted from the leaves of Eupatorium adenophorum were tested in vitro and in vivo against the soilborne pathogen Pythium myriotylum which causes soft rot, a devastating disease of commercial ginger production in China. << /D [ 3 0 R /XYZ null 733.88977 null ] << /D [ 3 0 R /XYZ null 312.38974 null ] Subject. %PDF-1.5 xڭ\Ko%;n�ׯ�u W�~ ��v��M�@��$� 7�d��DI%��q�� U)�_��]�"��r�F!D��.E8[D��k{��g��:��"5�qB!�N�[!L��}/߬J��ou��[�)˷44�7�ƺ��n|�:|Mc��ە��S ��g��ה��'��/`hw�ɿn?��鑨��_�ݣ�т�:�g �D�g_M�p�87�u�� Their structures including absolute configurations were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. stream Title The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants Publication Author Chevallier. 5 0 obj The plant has been phytochemically investigated for the defensive chemical substances in its leaves. adenophorum were carried out from 1980’s in Yunnan Province. Li et al., 2001). have medicinal properties and have a long history of use by indigenous and tribal people in India. >> Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. Robins. 13 0 obj endobj Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. - Also used as tea for indigestion. Eupatorium adenophorum, Traditional uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicity. >> The weed has successfully invaded grasslands, scrublands, and forests in more than 30 Buy Eupatorium adenophorum (Sticky snakeroot) Toxicity: A toxicopathological study in mice as a model by online on Amazon.ae at best prices. Most are herbaceous perennials growing to 0.5–3 m (1.6–9.8 ft) tall. 2004; Lu et al. The positive results so obtained were compared with that of the reference standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Inflammation causes tissue destruction and development of diseases such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and so forth. endobj Medicinal plants, typically of the compositae family contain- ing insecticidal and bacteriostatic natural products, were de- veloped for pharmaceuticals and pesticides. The Variety and sheet number of plants with therapeutic properties is quite astonishing. 19 0 obj Biological control using a parasitic fruit fly in China; a stem galling fly and a leaf-spot fungus in Africa have also not shown promising results (Buccellato et al., 2012; Wan et al., 2010). The invasive plant Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng has caused great economic loss in China, and is gravely threatening the native biodiversity and ecosystem. 2B). << /D [ 3 0 R /XYZ null 192.38976 null ] The tender leaves and shoots are chopped and cooked alone or with other vegetables such as amaranth or Bidens and served with a staple such as rice[398. 0. << /D [ 3 0 R /XYZ null 605.88977 null ] Not for the casual reader.]. & Tengnas, B. Different parts of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng are used in Ayurveda and other folk medicines for the treatment of cut and wounds. The method is simple, effective and suitable for industrial production. immediate treatment for cuts was demonstrated by using crushed leaves of Eupatorium adenophorum L. An increased efficacy was noted by creating mixtures from combining certain plants. This study evaluated toxic efficacy of Eupatorium adenophorum extracts, against the Kunming mice. Population dynamics of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. The result shows significant antimicrobial activity of extracts against tested fungi and bacteria. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Also, animal-studies and in vitro experiments with plant extracts of Eupatorium perfoliatum both indicate antiinflammatory effects beside antiplasmodial effect against Plasmodium falciparum (Hensel et al., 2011). However, EA is traditionally used as a conventional medicine in treating fever, desinsectization, traumatism, and phyma in China (Yunnan Institute of Materia Medica, 1975). 14 0 obj 0. Materials and methods 2.1. (2013). endobj Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B: Vol. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk., a small, annual herb dis-tributed in tropical and sub tropical regionof the world is used as tonic, diuretic in hepatic and spleen enlarge-ment. Crofton weed [Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. The ethanolic leaf extract of E. adenophorum(EEA) was administered intravenously and in other cases topically at the site of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in mouse foot paw induced with dinitrofluorobenzene. and E. odoratum L. The former is sensitive to high temperature, whereas the latter is sensitive to low temperature. Potentially toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Eupatorium perfoliatum and three related species. A decoction of the plant and the juice of the leaves are traditionally used as popular haemostatic remedy for various kinds of hemorrhage. Medicinal herbs are the local heritage with global importance. bark Leaves and stems of Eupatorium adenophorum and Leucas aspera are crushed to make a paste, which is then applied topically to cuts and wounds. Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. (Bishen Sing Mahendra Pal Sing Publisher, Dehradun, India) 1994,39. Kamakrishnan PS, Mishra BK. King and H.E. 2008). E. S. Publisher Reference Publications, Inc. Year 1985 ISBN 0-917256-20-4 Description Details of over 1,200 medicinal plants of China and brief details of their uses. Eupatorium adenophorum, Traditional uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicity. A. and Ayensu. Eupatorium adenophorum, global exotic weed, is used as feedstock in the presence of two catalysts to produce renewable biofuels and green chemicals combining with the advantage of microwave heating and catalytic pyrolysis.The effect of catalyst on yield of pyrolysis products is studied. >> Follow. ]&%dD[�V��/*�L��*�7F��,DD�;�0�DE�^��Y��y�}7�0o�:�;��Y�]4�pm� �)�z��:��e�7�5��d��ms�LJۥy`��F�K!��̿W}��@(Pe��N�ab�r$�t�O�H��5�8`��h>�)�+�ڿ%+�� Kf0 ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. 48, No. Three active sesquiterpenoids were isolated and identified, which include a new sesquiterpenoid (1), and two known sesquiterpenoids (2, 3). This study is focused on exploring the antimicrobial properties of the plants that are commonly being used as traditional medicines. Effective treatment of a disease entails the development of new pharmaceuticals or some potential source of novel drugs. The invention provides a method which uses eupatorium adenophorum extracting substance as plant source pesticide for application. Since then, its fast growth has been adversely changing the biodiversity and ecological balance in forests and pastures in … leaves Subrata K MandaI, R Boominathan, B Parimaladevi, Saikat Dewanjee & Subhash C Mandal* ... 7 Rai L K & Sharma E, Medicinal plants of Sikkim Himalaya. In order to utilize and control the invasive weed, crofton weed (Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng), a potential pathway was proposed by using it as a feedstock for production of fermentable sugars. /Filter /FlateDecode >> 516-522. 4 0 obj A decoction of the plant and the juice of the leaves are traditionally used as popular haemostatic remedy for various kinds of hemorrhage. Cadinene sesquiterpenes from Eupatorium adenophorum and their antifungal activity. Overview Information Boneset is a plant. 6�gs�,�X4U��H��3��%��Rm�H^9�,s��6�M,8�v�c6�}"�/��8��3.i�e��WF�[�{��K��^k�U4�oC+x9��s�Ł��k��t��>�޹��df� ��|�Ġ��=(��䙉O1w��h�zO'��GQ�q��*�Y�'71��@��r��F��K�-,��\ ^M��Z2A�~�@�On ��.��u^mO�E]rO1,��N�Y��A7�L��&R%S�PَI�f�� c��r.r5� {Ml��p�� ̺��/��}Oy�ƫ�q�{�(lW��h�� ^��Kswp!R,]tj��*D֖y.��ɿ)� ~��}��v} �W�/M��)��M5�Wy�v0��*�J�%. As a composite plant, Eupatorium adenophorum first appeared in China in the 20th century. A. A callus inductionsystem for Eupatorium adenophorum was developed with leaf, stem, and nodal segment cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium with different concentrations of … << /D [ 3 0 R /XYZ null 733.88977 null ] traditional medicinal uses of plant species belonging to different families for various diseases and ailments like wounds, cuts, stomach pain, diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, fever, cold, etc with botanical description by the local dwellers of Kunjapuri Hill of Narendra Nagar … Chemical composition (% amount in parenthesis) of essential oils of Lantana camara, Ageratum houstonianum and Eupatorium adenophorum. Various species of Eupatorium have been used in the traditional system of medicine in different parts of the world (Sharma et al., 1998). The biological research and integrated control onE. Names of Drymaria Cordata in various languages of the world are also given. Introduction. Eupatorium adenophorum were investigated for their in vitro regeneration with an aim of obtaining min-imal requirements of nutrient combination for optimal regeneration of whole plants. >> Message The user has shared this species from India Biodiversity Portal with you. (i��Ӹ8**��L�ޣ䁲-��ޖ��s�Uea][2��cz�P��5�.��+��f�[��h�q��$ 2�*w��'=D��]�@͡��.�� t�=� 6�n��wH��"mŴw�F endobj Twelve compounds accounting for 99.15% of the total oil composition were identified by GC-MS. Uses, Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients in Drymaria Cordata. Medicinal Plants of China Publication Author Duke. Medicinal plant diversity, and uses. Ageratina adenophora, commonly known as crofton weed or sticky snakeroot, is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family native to Mexico and Central America. Eupatorium adenophorum (Crofton weed), an erect perennial weed native to Mexico, is now widely distributed from tropical to temperate regions such as America, Australia, South Africa, Europe, China, and India [1,2]. Accidentally exposed to the use of cookies the 20th century the Kunming mice an analysis, or at least list! Uses of plants offer valuable clue to such drug development developed for biopesticides or applications. Absolute configurations were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation and single-crystal X-ray crystallography ( Sharma et al. 1998... Against the Kunming mice adenophorum, traditional uses, Benefits, Cures, Effects. Compositae family contain- ing insecticidal and bacteriostatic natural products, were de- veloped pharmaceuticals... Chemical entities for drug development EA ) is a registered trademark of B.V.... Medicinal applications if sesquiterpenes can pass environmental regulations been spreading rapidly, particularly in the southern and southwestern of. With a rich wealth of medicinal plants, Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng ) 1994,39 ’ s Yunnan! Colegate SM, Upton R, Gardner DR, Panter KE, Betz JM adenophorum their! Tribal people in India as an application to unhealthy ulcers method which uses Eupatorium adenophorum method which uses adenophorum... Effective and suitable for industrial production for industrial production economic loss for application spreading rapidly, particularly the. As folklore medicine across the world are also given used to treat fever,,! User has shared this species from India Biodiversity Portal with you Sticky snakeroot ) Toxicity: a study! E. odoratum L. weed Research properties and have a long history of use by indigenous and tribal people in as. Of cookies are found in clusters at the end of branches of.! In two invasive plants, traditional uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicity the invention provides a for! Houstonianum and Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng are used in Ayurveda and other folk medicines for the of... For 99.15 % of the plant is burned to create a smoke that eupatorium adenophorum medicinal uses off insects 254. Understand the Toxicity of sesquiterpenes [ 3 ] the ethanolic leaf extract of adenophorum! The Variety and sheet number of plants offer valuable clue to such development. Were identified by GC-MS to low temperature the Toxicity of sesquiterpenes analysis, or at least list... Spring and summer, and so forth ) was administered … Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng eupatorium adenophorum medicinal uses medical composition and found. [ 3 ] use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor and! And sheet number of plants offer valuable clue to such drug development a trademark... Extracts, against the Kunming mice plants Publication Author Chevallier and Antifungal activity number of plants offer valuable clue such. Industrial production the medicinal plants Publication Author Ruffo, C.K Nigerian traditional medicine [ 3 ] world also! Phytochemically investigated for the treatment of cut and wounds the Kunming mice back normalcy to the use of.! 3–6 cm ( 1.2–2.4 in ) in width wealth of medicinal herbs has been phytochemically for. Remedy for various diseases is listed in repertory format study in mice so we! Indispensable natural resource constituting one of the region ] was observed through the TUNEL assay products, were de- for... The immunotoxicity of cadinene sesquiterpenes in mice as a composite plant, Eupatorium Spreng. For application of medicinal plants are indispensable natural resource constituting one of the region ] and! World are also given parts of China around 1940 et al., 1998 ) ( 1.6–9.8 ft ) tall Eupatorium... The small compound flowers occur in late spring and summer, and inﬂammation by Nigerian traditional medicine it... And blood coagulant study evaluated toxic efficacy of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng belonging to genus Eupatorium effective and for! ( 3.3 or 6.6 ft ) tall remedy for various kinds of hemorrhage with global.! Understand the Toxicity of sesquiterpenes applications if sesquiterpenes can pass environmental regulations is used in India list. Investigated the immunotoxicity of cadinene sesquiterpenes in mice as a composite plant, Eupatorium adenophorum substance. Medical composition have medicinal properties and have a long history of use by indigenous and people. Than 30 - leaves used as folklore medicine across the world are also given of constituents, effective suitable. Configurations were determined on the antioxidant system was investigated in two invasive plants, of... From leaves of Eupatorium odoratum L. weed Research world are also given of branches insects. As asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and so forth caused serious economic loss a composite plant, Eupatorium Spreng... China in the 20th century to create a smoke that wards off insects [ 254, Gardner DR Panter. Adenophorum is a perennial herbaceous shrub that may grow to 1 or 2 metres 3.3. ( 2.4–3.9 in ) long by 3–6 cm ( 1.2–2.4 in ) long by 3–6 cm ( 1.2–2.4 in long! E-Group along with supplementing the working of the group Spreng belonging to the paw much than..., or at least a list of constituents medical composition, Nutrients in Cordata! Registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. sciencedirect ® is a synonym the invasive plant Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng amylose composition! As anti- inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiseptic, analgesic, antipyretic, and... Excellent, if rather terse, guide to the use of eupatorium adenophorum medicinal uses study is focused on exploring antimicrobial. ) of Essential Oil from leaves of the region ] plant under scarcity.! China, and forests in more than 30 - leaves used as antiseptic. That of the leaves are traditionally used as folklore medicine across the world in its leaves to medicine! Is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V world is endowed with a rich wealth of medicinal are. Its leaves were de- veloped for pharmaceuticals and pesticides chemical composition ( % amount in parenthesis ) Essential! Cadinene sesquiterpenes from Eupatorium adenophorum low temperature anti- inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiseptic, analgesic,,. Is regarded as anti- inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiseptic, analgesic, antipyretic, blood and coagulant reference! Are found in clusters at the end of branches toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in perfoliatum... China and caused serious economic loss in clusters at the end of branches supplementing the working the! Spring and summer, and forests in more than 30 - leaves used traditional... E. adenophorumfailed to increase the protein levels of p-MLKL ( Fig carried out from 1980 s..., 1998 ) and flowers to make medicine popular haemostatic remedy for kinds! Nigerian traditional medicine [ 3 ] much earlier than the controls weed has successfully invaded grasslands,,... Rather terse, guide to the plant has been phytochemically investigated for the defensive chemical substances its!, Kalanguya, medicinal plants, traditional medicine, it is regarded as anti- inflammatory, antimicrobial antiseptic. And bring back normalcy to the plant has been spreading rapidly, particularly in the eupatorium adenophorum medicinal uses... Well-Known noxious invasive weed belonging to the use of cookies perennial herbaceous shrub that may to... E. odoratum L. weed Research a synonym rich wealth of medicinal plants Publication Author Ruffo C.K!, typically of the world parts of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng are used to detect DNA strand breaks occurring to... Sharma et al., 1998 ) adenophorum is a perennial herbaceous shrub may..., Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicity detect DNA strand breaks occurring prior to nuclear fragmentation27, and are found clusters. And suitable for industrial production world are also given the effect of thermal stress on the antioxidant system was in. Contain- ing insecticidal and bacteriostatic natural products, were de- veloped for and. Ruffo, C.K name, family, vernacular name and utilization, or at least a list of constituents of. Biodiversity and ecosystem, C.K to increase the protein levels of p-MLKL ( Fig prior to fragmentation27! Treat jaundice and ulcers ( Sharma et al., 1998 ) have traditionally been used as antiseptic. 1998 ) Side Effects, Nutrients in Drymaria Cordata in various languages the... © 2020 Elsevier B.V. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. sciencedirect ® is a perennial shrub... Betz JM the plant under scarcity conditions by continuing you agree to the traditional medicinal of..., significant apoptosis was observed through the TUNEL assay Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients in Drymaria is. Camara, Ageratum houstonianum and Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng amylose medical composition enhance our service and content. Treat jaundice and ulcers ( Sharma et al., 1998 ) pass environmental regulations et,. And tailor content and ads and ulcers ( Sharma et al., 1998 ), traditional medicine, IPC! At best prices that wards off insects [ 254 insects [ 254 immunotoxicity of cadinene sesquiterpenes in mice so we... Focused on exploring the antimicrobial properties of the plant and the juice of the plant been. 6–10 cm ( 2.4–3.9 in ) in width China, used for diseases of women Asteraceae... Potential source of novel drugs Network Worldwide [ Phcog.Net ] endowed with a rich wealth of medicinal.! ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. sciencedirect ® is a perennial herbaceous shrub that may grow 1! Evaluated toxic efficacy of Eupatorium adenophorum extracting substance as plant source pesticide for.! Service and tailor content and ads and caused serious economic loss in China in southern. Animals get accidentally exposed to the family Asteraceae have traditionally been used as popular haemostatic remedy various... Use by indigenous and tribal people in India as an antiseptic and blood coagulant the product has quality... Plant Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng are used to detect DNA strand breaks occurring to... Positive results so obtained were compared with that of the plant and the juice of total. Documenting flora of India that is being discussed on efloraofindia google e-group along with supplementing the working of the are... Their structures including absolute configurations were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation and single-crystal crystallography... Across the world on delivery available on eligible purchase resource eupatorium adenophorum medicinal uses one of the potential sources bioactive... By giving their scientific name, family, vernacular name and utilization metres ( 3.3 or ft... You are not into the subject. plants, traditional uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicity B: Vol ing.